![]() ![]() Hawaiian Creole (Hawai'i Creole English), sometimes referred to as Pidgin, began to emerge between 17 through contact between native Hawaiians and Europeans this development preceded a rise in Chinese, Portuguese, and Japanese arrivals between 1860–1900, followed by further influence from Filipino (Tagalog) and American English. As it is relegated to the home, children may speak it natively but rapidly become bilingual. ![]() Gullah has declined in recent decades, surviving in a few coastal enclaves. Grammatical features of the variety include: pronouns such as ee, um, shum, una duh or does be for habitual marking done to mark completed actions null copula, null possessive, and null simple past tense. In South Carolina, a creole called Gullah or Geechee (Sea Island Creole English) began to develop in 1715 when importation of African slaves, speaking different African languages natively, increased sharply in that area. New creole languages have developed indigenously in South Carolina, Hawaii, and Louisiana. Sharma, in Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition), 2006 American Creoles
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